Cyclopentadiene is an organic compound with the formula C5H6. This colorless liquid has a strong and unpleasant odor. At room temperature, this cyclic diene dimerizes over the course of hours to give dicyclopentadiene via a Diels-Alder reaction. This dimer can be restored by heating to give the monomer.
The compound is mainly used for the production of cyclopentene and its derivatives. It is popularly used as a precursor to the cyclopentadienyl ligand (Cp) in cyclopentadienyl complexes in organometallic chemistry.
Video Cyclopentadiene
Production and reactions
Cyclopentadiene production is usually not distinguished from dicyclopentadiene since they are interconverted. They are obtained from coal tar (about 10-20 g/tonne) and by steam cracking of Naphtha (about 14 kg/tonne). To obtain cyclopentadiene monomer, commercial dicyclopentadiene is cracked by heating to ~ 180 °C. The monomer is collected by distillation, and used soon thereafter.
Sigmatropic rearrangement
The hydrogen atoms in cyclopentadiene undergo rapid [1,5]-sigmatropic shifts as indicated by 1H NMR spectra recorded at various temperatures. Even more fluxional are the derivatives C5H5E(CH3)3 (E = Si, Ge, Sn), wherein the heavier element migrates from carbon to carbon with a low activation barrier.
Diels-Alder reactions
Cyclopentadiene is a highly reactive diene in the Diels-Alder reaction because minimal distortion of the diene is required to achieve the envelope geometry of the transition state compared to other dienes. Famously, cyclopentadiene dimerizes. The conversion occurs in hours at room temperature, but the monomer can be stored for days at -20 °C.
Deprotonation
The compound is unusually acidic (pKa = 16) for a hydrocarbon, a fact explained by the high stability of the aromatic cyclopentadienyl anion, C
5H-
5. Deprotonation can be achieved with a variety of bases, typically sodium hydride or even sodium metal. Simple compounds of this anion (such as the commercially available sodium cyclopentadienide) are often depicted as salts, although the free anion is not present in appreciable quantities in solution, more complex coordination compounds are known as cyclopentadienyl complexes.
Metallocene derivatives
Metallocenes and related cyclopentadienyl derivatives have been heavily investigated and represent a cornerstone of organometallic chemistry owing to their high stability. The first metallocene characterised, ferrocene, was prepared the way many other metallocenes are prepared: by combining alkali metal derivatives of the form MC5H5 with dihalides of the transition metals: As typical example, nickelocene forms upon treating nickel(II) chloride with sodium cyclopentadiene in THF.
- NiCl2 + 2 NaC5H5 -> Ni(C5H5)2 + 2 NaCl
Organometallic complexes that include both the cyclopentadienyl anion and cyclopentadiene itself are known, one example of which is the rhodocene derivative produced from the rhodocene monomer in protic solvents.
Organic synthesis
It was the starting material in Leo Paquette's 1982 synthesis of dodecahedrane. The first step involved reductive dimerization of the molecule to give dihydrofulvalene, not simple addition to give dicyclopentadiene.
Maps Cyclopentadiene
Uses
Aside from serving as a precursor to cyclopentadienyl-based catalysts, the main commercial application of cyclopentadiene is as a precursor to comonomers. Semi-hydrogenation gives cyclopentene. Diels-Alder reaction with butadiene gives ethylidene norbornene, a comonomer in the production of EPDM rubbers.
Abbreviation
The commonly used abbreviation of the cyclopentadienyl anion is Cp. The abbreviation played a part in the naming of copernicium: the original proposal for the element's symbol was also Cp, but because of the abbreviation for this anion and the fact that lutetium was originally named cassiopeium and had Cp for the symbol as well, the symbol for copernicium was changed to Cn.
See also
- Aromaticity
- Methylcyclopentadiene, pentamethylcyclopentadiene and pentacyanocyclopentadiene, also found as ligands in organometallic chemistry
- Cyclopentadienone
References
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0857
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Source of article : Wikipedia
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